Ja-juh (Jazz) oē-tit-thang tāi-piáu kui-ê Bí-kok ê bûn-hoà kap Bí-kok kāng-khoán, che im-ga̍k sı̄ chı̍t-chióng hūn-ha̍p ê sèng-chit--ê. Ja-juh sı̄ iông-ha̍p Hui-chiu im-ga̍k ê chiat-chàu, Au-chiu im-ga̍k ê hô-hiân, í-kı̍p Bí-chiu goân-chū-bı̂n ê cheng-sı̂n. Chit-ê cheng-sı̂n chiū-sı̄ kam-goān sí, iā m̄-kam-goān choè lô͘-lē.
Ja-juh ê kin sı̄ tı̄ Hui-chiu. Chit-ê im-ga̍k ê chiat-chàu kap i ê cheng-sı̂n chiū-sı̄ chá-kı̂ lô͘-lē pó-liû lo̍h-lâi ê thoân-thóng. Hui-chiu im-ga̍k siōng-kài hoat-ta̍t ê só͘-chāi sı̄ i ê chiat-chàu, che kap Au-chiu im-ga̍k chin bô kāng-khoán. Au-chiu im-ga̍k khah hoat-ta̍t ê só͘-chāi sı̄ i ê soân-lu̍t kap hô-hiân, i ê chiat-chàu khah kán-tan. Toā-pō͘-hūn ê Au-chiu im-ga̍k m̄-sı̄ saⁿ-phah chiū-sı̄ sı̀-phah, jı̂-chhiáⁿ, bô chhin-chhiūⁿ Hui-chiu im-ga̍k tı̄ kāng chı̍t-ê sı̂-chūn oē chhut-hiān to-chióng chiat-chàu. Hui-chiu im-ga̍k ê chiat-chàu hui-siông ê ho̍k-cha̍p, che sı̄ chı̍t-chióng to-chiat-chàu ê im-ga̍k. To-chiat-chàu chiū-sı̄ tı̄ kāng chı̍t-ê sı̂-kan oē chhut-hiān to-chióng bô kāng-khoán ê phah-sò͘. Ū-sı̂-chūn sı̄ nn̄g-phah tùi saⁿ-phah, á-sı̄ saⁿ-phah tùi gō͘-phah, ū-sı̂ sı̄ sı̀-phah tùi la̍k-phah, i ê piàn-hoà chin chē. Ja-juh kāng-khoán sı̄ chı̍t-chióng to-chiat-chàu ê im-ga̍k. Che iā-sı̄ ja-juh pí Au-chiu ê kó͘-tián im-ga̍k khah hoat-ta̍t ê só͘-chāi.
Hui-chiu-lâng khı̀ Bí-chiu liáu-āu, só͘ chhòng-chō ê seng-oa̍h hong-sek chiâⁿ-choè Bí-kok-sek ê sin bûn-hoà. Sin ê bûn-hoà iông-ha̍p Hui-chiu-lâng, Au-chiu-lâng, í-kı̍p Bí-chiu goân-chū-bı̂n ê bûn-hoà. Hui-chiu-lâng khı̀ Bí-chiu oē-tit-thang jím-nāi, koè-tio̍h lô͘-lē ê seng-oa̍h, che kap in ê bı̂n-cho̍k-sèng ū koan-hē, te̍k-pia̍t im-ga̍k iā-sı̄ chı̍t-hāng chin tiōng-iàu ê in-sò͘. Im-ga̍k sı̄ in ê cheng-sı̂n ê kià-thok, só͘-í in oē-tit-thang chiap-siū chú-lâng ê ap-pek. Sui-jiân chú-lâng pak-khı̀ in ê jı̄m-tông-kám, chóng-sı̄ ēng im-ga̍k, in oē-tit-thang chū-iû chū-chāi piáu-ta̍t ka-kı̄ ê su-sióng kap chêng-kám.
Ja-juh pèng m̄-sı̄ kan-ta siū-tio̍h Hui-chiu ê éng-hióng nā-tiāⁿ, chit-ê im-ga̍k iā ū siū-tio̍h Au-chiu ê éng-hióng. Sı̄ chhin-chhiūⁿ chı̍t-ki kha ta̍h tı̄ Hui-chiu, lēng-goā chı̍t-ki ta̍h tı̄ Au-chiu.
Chit-sı̂ goá beh kóng lô͘-lē kàu Bí-chiu só͘ siū-tio̍h ê éng-hióng, chit-ê éng-hióng iā pau-koat chı̍t-koá Au-chiu ê in-sò͘. Chá-kı̂ Au-chiu lâi ê ı̂-bı̂n, in-ūi toà-tı̄ soaⁿ-khu, só͘-í in ê bı̂n-iâu iā hō-choè soaⁿ-khu im-ga̍k. Chit-ê bı̂n-iâu só͘ iōng ê ga̍k-khı̀ ū gi-tha (guitar), bang-joh (banjo), kē-im gi-tha (bass) téng-téng. Chit-ê im-ga̍k ê soân-lu̍t sı̄ tùi Ai-ní-lân (Ireland) í-kı̍p So͘-kek-lân (Scotland) ê bı̂n-iâu lâi--ê.
Chit-ê soaⁿ-khu im-ga̍k ê soân-lu̍t kap ga̍k-khı̀ chhut-hiān tı̄ Ja-juh siōng-chá ê ga̍k-thoân. Au-chiu bı̂n-iâu ê soân-lu̍t sı̄ chiâⁿ-choè ja-juh ê chı̍t-ê chú-thé. Chit-ê soân-lu̍t phoè-ha̍p bô kāng ê chiat-chàu kap hô-hiân, iā-sı̄ chiong it-poaⁿ lâng thiaⁿ kàu chin se̍k ê soân-lu̍t iōng ja-juh te̍k-sû ê hong-sek piáu-hiān-chhut sin ê iūⁿ-sek.
Soà--lo̍h--khı̀, goá beh kài-siāu bu-lu-juh (bloes), chiū-sı̄ nâ-tiāu ê im-ga̍k. Nâ-tiāu tı̄ Bí-chiu ê tē-ūi kap soaⁿ-khu im-ga̍k ū chı̍t-koá kāng-khoán ê só͘-chāi. Chiū-sı̄ kóng, soaⁿ-khu im-ga̍k pó-liû Au-chiu bı̂n-iâu ê te̍k-sek, nâ-tiāu pó-liû Hui-chiu im-ga̍k te̍k-sû ê būn-tap á-sı̄ khé-èng chhiùⁿ-koa ê hong-sek.
Tı̄ Hui-chiu ê chong-kàu tián-lé siōng, oē ū chı̍t-ê léng-tō-lâng chhoā-thâu chhiùⁿ-koa mn̄g būn-toê, chit-ê léng-tō-lâng oē léng-tō kı̂-thaⁿ ê lâng chhiùⁿ-koa hoê-tap i ê būn-toê. Phı̀-jū, i chhiùⁿ-mn̄g kóng, "Lín ū kan-khó͘ á-bô?" Á-sı̄, "Lín ū hoaⁿ-hí á-bô?" Tāi-ke lóng ēng chhiùⁿ-koa hoê-tap kóng "ū" á-sı̄ "bô."
Tı̄ Bí-chiu ê lô͘-lē sı̄ lı̄-iōng chit-chióng hong-sek lâi piáu-ta̍t ka-kı̄ ê chêng-kám. In pó-liû Hui-chiu ê hong-sek, ka-jı̍p sin ê loē-iông lâi hoán-èng in ê chhù-kéng. Chit-chióng būn-tap ê hong-sek tı̄ ja-juh ê lāi-té thiaⁿ oē tio̍h. Bô-it-tēng sı̄ ēng lâng lâi chhiùⁿ, ū-sı̂ ēng chı̍t-hāng ga̍k-khı̀ ián-chàu chı̍t-ê būn-toê, jiân-āu ū ga̍k-tūi lâi choè hoê-tap.
2. Ja-juh Im-ga̍k Ián-piàn ê Koè-thêng (The Process of Change of Jazz)
Goá chit-má beh kài-siāu--ê sı̄ ja-juh im-ga̍k ián-piàn ê koè-thêng. Ja-juh sı̄ chhut-hiān tı̄ Niú Ò͘-lí-án-juh (New Orleans), chit-ê to͘-chhı̄ tı̄ Bí-kok lâm-pō͘, i ê le̍k-sú chin te̍k-pia̍t. Chá-kı̂ sı̄ Hoat-kok ê sı̍t-bı̂n to͘-chhı̄, só͘-í siū-tio̍h Hoat-kok bûn-hoà ê éng-hióng. Kàu bo̍k-chêng ûi-chí, iáu ū chı̍t-koá kóng Hoat-gí ê jı̂n-kháu. Tû-liáu che í-goā, chit-ê to͘-chhı̄ iā siū-tio̍h kı̂-thaⁿ bûn-hoà ê éng-hióng. Phı̀-jū ū Be̍k-se-ko(Mexico), Se-pan-gâ (Spain), Bí-kok, Bí-chiu goân-chū-bı̂n, í-kı̍p Au-chiu téng-téng ê éng-hióng. Tı̄ chit-chióng bûn-hoà iông-ha̍p ê koè-thêng, sán-seng chiok chē sin ê bûn-hoà chhut--lâi, Ja-juh chiū-sı̄ kı̂-tiong ê chı̍t-hāng.
Hui-chiu ê bûn-hoà gı̂-sek, Au-chiu bı̂n-cho̍k im-ga̍k ê ga̍k-khı̀ lóng iông-ha̍p tı̄ Niú Ò͘-lí-án-juh, kı̂-tiong siōng bêng-hián---ê sı̄ in ê chòng-sek, chit-ê to͘-chhı̄ ê chòng-sek chin ū te̍k-sû. Tı̄ Au-chiu, chòng-sek sı̄ chin siong-sim ê sı̂-khek. Chóng-sı̄ tı̄ Hui-chiu ê chı̍t-koá bûn-hoà lāi-té, chòng-sek sı̄ khèng-chiok koè-sin ê lâng koè-tō͘ khı̀ lēng-goā chı̍t-ê kéng-kài, só͘-í in oē chhiáⁿ hit só͘-chāi ê ga̍k-tūi lâi khèng-chiok, só͘ ián-chàu ê im-ga̍k hui-siông ê hoa̍t-phoat. Chit-chióng im-ga̍k chin chiap-kı̄n chit-má ê ja-juh, iông-ha̍p Au-chiu im-ga̍k ê soân-lu̍t kap ga̍k-khı̀, Hui-chiu ê chiat-chàu, í-kı̍p būn-tap ê chhiùⁿ-koa hong-sek, sán-seng siōng-chá ê ja-juh.
Ja-juh siōng-chá ê ga̍k-khı̀ sı̄ kē-im gi-tha, lah-pah, o͘-ta̍t-á kap chhun-kiu ê lah-pah, che lóng sı̄ chá-kı̂ ja-juh im-ga̍k siōng-kài ki-pún ê ga̍k-khı̀. Āu--lâi, ū koá ga̍k-khı̀ chiām-chiām bô teh sú-iōng, ū koá sin ê ga̍k-khı̀ koh bān-bān ka-jı̍p ja-juh ê ga̍k-tūi. Phı̀-jū tı̄ chá-kı̂, o͘-ta̍t-á sı̄ boē-tit-thang bô--ê, tān-sı̄ āu--lâi chiū bô koh sú-iōng, chit-má ê ja-juh iū koh chhut-hiān o͘-tat-á. Tı̄ sin ka-jı̍p ê ga̍k-khı̀ tiong-kan, siōng ū miâ--ê chiū-sı̄ sak-só-hóng (saxophone), i sı̄ tı̄ saⁿ-cha̍p nı̂-tāi chiah khai-sí chhut-hiān--ê.
Chá-kı̂ ja-juh ū goá tú-chiah só͘ kóng ê gō͘-chióng ga̍k-khı̀, cho͘-sêng gō͘ ê lâng ê ga̍k-tūi. Ū-ê ga̍k-tūi oē koh ka-jı̍p kǹg-khı̂m, á-sı̄ gi-tha, hêng-sêng la̍k-ê lâng, á-sı̄ chhit-ê lâng ê ga̍k-tūi. Kàu saⁿ-cha̍p nı̂-tāi, toā-ga̍k-tūi ê khài-liām kā goân-lâi sió kui-bô͘ ê ja-juh ga̍k-tūi kau-hiáng-hoà, piàn-sêng chhin-chhiūⁿ chı̍t-ê kau-hiáng ga̍k-thoân. Toā-ga̍k-tūi ê hêng-sêng ū nn̄g-chióng ê bo̍k-te̍k, chı̍t-chióng bo̍k-te̍k chiū-sı̄ kau-hiáng-hoà, lēng-goā chı̍t-chióng sı̄ toè liû-hêng. Ja-juh piàn-sêng liû-hêng im-ga̍k, sı̄ chı̍t-chióng tāi-chiòng-hoà ê im-ga̍k. Tı̄ ka-jı̍p sió thê-khı̂m ê ián-chàu í-āu, chhin-chhiūⁿ ka-pi chham siuⁿ-che thn̂g, tùi Bí-kok ê thiaⁿ-chiòng lâi kóng, kám-kak tiⁿ kàu ū chı̍t-tiám-á ià-ià ê só͘-chāi.
3. Hong-keh ê Piàn-hoà (The Change of Styles)
Soà--lo̍h-khı̀, lēng-goā chı̍t-ê kak-tō͘ sı̄ hong-keh ê piàn-hoà. Gō͘-cha̍p nı̂-tāi, Bí-kok Se-hoāⁿ chhut-hiān khuh-ja-juh (co͘l jazz). "Khuh (co͘l)" sı̄ chı̍t-chióng am-khàm ê kám-kak. Sui-jiân chit-ê am-khàm ê sèng-chit kap siàu-liân-lâng só͘ ài kóng ê "khuh" tı̄ kám-kak-siōng bô kāng-khoán, mā-sı̄ ū koan-liân. Tı̄ Bí-kok hit-sı̂ ê siàu-liân-lâng mā ài iōng "khuh" hit-khoán ê kóng-hoat lâi kap toā-lâng chò khu-pia̍t, kóng--khí--lâi sı̄ hit-sı̂ ê liû-hêng-gí. Chit-khoán ê hong-keh ê tiong-sim sı̄ tı̄ Bí-kok ê Se-hoāⁿ.
Tı̄ gō͘-cha̍p nı̂-tāi ū chiam-tùi Se-hoāⁿ ê khuh-ja-juh, tı̄ Tang-hoāⁿ liû-hêng bò-phuh (bop) ja-juh. Bò-phuh sı̄ chı̍t-chióng chiat-chàu chin kín ê ja-juh, chit-khoán ja-juh hoán-èng Tang-hoāⁿ to͘-chhı̄ seng-oa̍h ê chiat-chàu. Thiaⁿ bò-phuh chiū oē-tit-thang kám-siū tio̍h Niú-iok (New York) ê seng-oa̍h chiat-chàu, bò-phuh ê soân-lu̍t kap hô-hiân lóng chin ho̍k-cha̍p. Khuh kap bò-phuh sı̄ nn̄g-chióng ke̍k-toan, chı̍t-ê sı̄ am-khàm, chı̍t-ê sı̄ ho̍k-cha̍p.
Tı̄ la̍k-cha̍p nı̂-tāi chho͘-kı̂ ja-juh piàn chin ho̍k-cha̍p, i ê ha̍k-su̍t lí-lūn sı̄m-chı̀ pí kó͘-tián im-ga̍k iáu-kú koh khah ho̍k-cha̍p, só͘-í ja-juh oân-choân sit-khı̀ goân-lâi ê liû-hêng thêng-tō͘. It-poaⁿ-lâng tio̍h ài tn̂g-kı̂ poê-ióng kap hùn-liān chiah oē-tit-thang thiaⁿ ū chit-chióng ho̍k-cha̍p ê ja-juh. Sin ê liû-hêng im-ga̍k: Iô-kún-ga̍k (Rock and Roll), chiū tı̄ chit-ê sı̂-chūn chhut-hiān--ê.
Gō͘-cha̍p nı̂-tāi ja-juh ê choan-gia̍p-hoà kap ho̍k-cha̍p ê thêng-tō͘ hō͘ lâng m̄-káⁿ chiap-kı̄n, só͘-í liû-hêng im-ga̍k ê chhı̄-tiûⁿ chiām-chiām soe-bı̂, chit-ê soe-bı̂ sı̄ tùi iô-kún lâi tāi-thè goân-lâi ê ja-juh ê tē-ūi. Iô-kún kán-tan, jı̂-chhiáⁿ iā bô su-iàu choan-gia̍p ê poê-ióng, só͘-í siong-tong tāi-chiòng-hoà.
Iô-kún lāi-té ê hó-chhù kap ja-juh ê hó-chhù ha̍p--khí-lâi chiū piàn-sêng hiù-jiòng (fusion). Eng-gí "hiù-jiòng" ê ı̀-sù chiū-sı̄ hūn-ha̍p. Chit-khoán ê im-ga̍k chiū-sı̄ iô-kún-ga̍k kap ja-juh ê iông-ha̍p, hiù-jiòng tı̄ chhit-cha̍p nı̂-tāi hui-siông ê liû-hêng. Hit-sı̂ ín-khí chin toā ê cheng-lūn, in-ūi ài thiaⁿ ja-juh ê lâng hui-siông hoán-tùi. In kám-kak che sı̄ tùi ja-juh ê phò-hoāi.
Kàu chit-sı̂ khah bô kek-lia̍t ê hoán-tùi, tāi-khài sı̄ in-ūi hiān-tāi-hoà ê ja-juh mā siū tio̍h chin chē bô kāng ê éng-hióng, te̍k-pia̍t sı̄ tùi La-teng Bí-chiu lâi--ê. Chit-ê sin ê tiâu-liû oē-sái-tit kiò-choè tē-kiû-chhoan im-ga̍k (world music), chit-khoán ê im-ga̍k sı̄ káu-cha̍p nı̂-tāi siōng-kài sin ê ja-juh ê tiâu-liû. Kı̂-sı̍t, ja-juh it-tı̍t lóng ū chit-ê tiâu-liû. Chit-ê tiâu-liû oē-tit-thang pang-chō͘ lán lâi liáu-kái ja-juh ê te̍k-sek. Tē-kiû-chhoan ja-juh chiū-sı̄ lı̄-iōng bô kāng ê chhâi-liāu, iōng ja-juh ê chhú-lí hong-sek piáu-hiān--chhut-lâi-ê.
4. Kiat-lūn(Conclusion )
Taⁿ choè-āu, kiat-lūn lâi kóng, Bí-kok bûn-hoà kap ja-juh kāng-khoán, sı̄ tùi bô kāng ê thoân-thóng, iōng Bí-kok te̍k-sû ê chhú-lí hong-sek chhòng-chō--chhut-lâi-ê.
5. Chham-khó Bûn-hiàn (Bibliography )
Feather, Leonard G. The Encyclopedia of Jazz in the Seventies, New York Horizon Press, 1960 (R781 En), 1976 (R785, 42F), 1966 (R785.42 FE)
Hughes, Langston. The Bo͘k of Rhythms, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954
Hughes, Langston. The First Bo͘k of Jazz, Hopewell, New Jersey: The Echo Press, 1955
Monk, Thelonio͘s Jazz and Freedom Go Hand in Hand, United States Information Service, 1976 (pamphlet)
(Tâi-oân Hiong-thó͘-cha̍p-chı̀ tē 29 ki, 1998 nı̂ 5 ge̍h)
